To illustrate the advent of Christ on the Day of Judgement Rubens chose a clear compositional structure with the blessed on the left who, drawn by angels, receive the crown of eternal life, while the damned on the right, chased away by Saint Michael the Archangel and other angels, plunge into the depths where they are awaited in Hell.
The painting was originally intended to hang above the high altar in the Jesuit Church in Neuburg an der Donau. Rubens received this commission from Duke Wolfgang Wilhelm after the duke had converted to Catholicism for power-political reasons.